My Health Profession

Q19: A female with primary amenorrhea, webbed neck and a height of 141 cm. What would her karyotype show? a) 45 XO b) 45 XX c) 46 XXY d) 47 XYY Correct Answer: a Explanation: Primary amenorrhea with a webbed neck and short stature( 141cm = 4’7”)is a classical presentation of Turner’s syndrome. The karyotype of Turner’s syndrome is 45 XO that is, one X chromosome is absent. Other features of Turner’s yndrome include streak ovaries (ovarian dysgenesis) and preductal coarctation of aorta. The patient is a female and has decreased estrogen and elevated FSH & LH levels. It is the most common cause of primary amenorrhea. Also in such patients there is no barr body. Since barr body is actually an inactivated X chromosome, and one X chromosome is only inactivated if one has two X chromosome. If there is already a single X chromosome, then it is not inactivated to form barr body. For this reason in Turner’s syndrome since there is only one X therefore there is no bar...

Q18: Which muscle divides the Submandibular gland into deep & superficial parts? a) Omohyoid b) Sternothyroid c) Mylohyoid d) Anterior belly of diagastric Correct Answer : c Explanation: Submandibular gland lies in the floor of the mouth. It has two parts, a deep part and a superficial part. The gland is hook shaped. It hooks around the origin of mylohyoid muscle from the mylohyoid line on the inner suface of body of mandible. As it hooks around this muscle, the gland is itself gets divided into a deep & superficial part. See diagram below for a conceptual view. Mylohyoid Muscle & Submandibular gland

This article is the first in a series entitled “ Steps to Acing Your Exams,” in which I hope to extract gems from traditional Islamic sources that would be of benefit to students struggling to revise for their exams. Aim higher the Prophet ﷺ (peace be upon him) said, “Allah has made excellence (ihsan) obligatory for everything, so when you sacrifice, sacrifice excellently; and when you slaughter an animal, then perform the slaughter excellently; and let any of you sharpen his knife and let him put the animal at ease.” [Muslim]If you are a student who is going to sit an exam in the near future, I have a simple exercise for you. Ask yourself: how well do you want to do in your exams?I’m sure everyone will say “good” but just how good is “good?” And why not “great,” “amazing” or even “stupendous?” Sometimes we can become complacent and start lowering our standards, claiming to have a “re...

Alpha-1 receptor stimulation causes: a) Pupillary dilatation b) Increased heart rate c) Increased contractility d) Increased gastric motility Correct Answer: a Explanation: Apha-1 receptor causes Increased smooth muscles contraction, such as in arterioles where it increases TPR & so BP Increased pupillary muscle dilatation (mydriasis) Increased heart rate (choice b) & increased contractility (choice c) of heart, although a function of sympathetic system, is not mediated by alpha-1 receptors rather it is mediated by Beta-1 receptor stimulation in heart. Also increased gut motility (choice d) is purely a parasympathetic function.

 Ejaculation is mediated by: a) Sympathetic stimulation b) Parasympathetic stimulation c) Both a & b d) Pudendal nerve Correct answer: d Explanations: Innervation of the male sexual response is as followings: Erection: Parasympathetic nervous system (through pelvic nerve) Emission: Sympathetic nervous system (through hypogastric nerve) Ejaculation: visceral & somatic nerves (though pudendal nerve)

Which of the followings is not caused by parasympathetic stimulation? a) Micturation b) Miosis c) Increased GIT motility d) Sweating Correct Answer: d Explanation: Sweating is function of sympathetic stimulation rather than parasympathetic stimulation. In order to differentiate between parasympathetic & sympathetic effect and prevent any confusion, remember the following scenario. You go out on a street and you are greeted to a fierce lion! In this situation you would want to: Have your pupils fully dilated (mydriasis), so that you can see the maximum of the lion and be prepared for an attack. Have you heart racing(tachycardia), so that when you start running your heart is able to meet the increased oxygen demand to the muscles Stop your bowel and bladder movement (urinary retentions & decreased GI motility), because you definitely don’t want to go to bathroom right now! Increase your metabolism and sweating for optimal...